Cov Txheej Txheem Txoj Haujlwm Ntawm Electron Gun (HCD)

Txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm electron rab phom (HCD)

Ib qho.Yog hais txog ntawm rab phom electron

Tsom Electron Electron yog lub iav ntawm lub cev ua pa, nws yuav tsum muaj zog, ib qho dej tob, muaj lub kab ntsig thiab pa pa hluav taws [1] (kev taw qhia thiab lub zog ntawm txoj hlua hluav taws xob tau tswj, feem ntau los ntawm kub cathode anode , thiab lwm yam), tswj electrode thiab ob peb lub zog mus rau hauv txoj hlua tub ceevxwm, siv los tua hluav taws xob hluav taws xob electron tshuab tsom xam feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom kev thermal emission thiab emission; Kev ua haujlwm ntawm rab phom hluav taws xob yog muab qhov tsim nyog nqaj hlau hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm rab phom electron yuav tsum xav txog kev yooj yim ntawm kev ua thiab kev kho. Feem ntau, qhov tsim ntawm rab phom electron yuav tsum xav txog cov nram qab no:

1. Cov kab mob electrons muaj lub zog, thiab cov qauv ntawm rab phom yuav tsum muaj lub zog txaus kom muaj zog kom muaj zog ntawm tej qhov hluav taws xob.
2. Nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm kis tau txaus kom pub pulse txaus tam sim no.
3. Lub taub thiab txoj pa tawm Lub kaum sab xis ntawm electron beam yuav tsum nyob rau hauv ib qho kev qhia.
4. Cov qauv yooj yim, kev ua tau yooj yim, kev teeb tsa thiab kev kho.
Cov phom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntev.

Ob.Qhov yooj yim ntawm ib rab phom electron

Hauv kev sab laj txog kev siv hlau nplaum, neeg feem ntau siv qee cov lus tshwj xeeb. Ntawm no peb muab ib nyuag taw qhia rau lawv:

1. Cwj pwm ua haujlwm
Thaum lub anode tam sim no tsuas siv los ntawm qhov chaw them, tus anode tam sim no (emission tam sim no) ntawm cov phom electron yog ntsig txog qhov voltage ntawm anode thiab cathode.
Raws li kev txwv ntawm qhov chaw them nqi, tsis hais txog cov qauv ntawm lub electrode system, txoj cai ntawm peb lub zog thib ob yog feem ntau siv tau. Thaum cov electrode zoo tas li, cov conductivity coefficient yog ib qho tas li, ywj siab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tus kab lus kev ua tau zoo qhia tias lub peev xwm ntawm rab phom tua hluav taws kom tawm tau electrons. Ua lwm yam lus, cov kev sibtooj sibtau yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm cov hlau nplaum hluav taws xob, uas yog nruab nrab ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw nqaj hlau electron nqi.

2. Beam duav
Hauv cov phom leej fais fab sib txuas, cov electrons tau tawm ntawm lub cathode, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub electrostatic teb tsim los ntawm thaj chaw them nqi ntawm lub electrodes thiab electrons lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv rab phom, ib cov qauv ntawm electron beam yog tsim. Cheeb tsam nrog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hauv voj voog nyob hauv electron beam yog hu ua beam duav.

3. Qhov chaw sib txuam qhov sib txuam
Thaj tsam compression piv rau qhov sib piv ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cathode thiab thaj tsam ntawm seem ntu ntawm lub duav, thiab qhov sib piv nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab tam sim no ntawm lub duav thiab qhov nruab nrab qhov tam sim no ntawm cov cathode emission. Rau kev yoojyim, thaj tsam ntawm lub khob cathode feem ntau hloov los ntawm cheeb tsam ntawm lub cathode Cross section.

4. Tawm txhaj ntau
Qhov txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab nruab nrab yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub anode taub hau ntawm rab phom thiab lub koob lub duav los ntawm rab phom. Txuas ntxiv, nws yog ntshaw tias qhov ntau yuav loj txaus rau cov nqaj hlau electron kom nkag mus rau hauv qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam hauv kev xav txhaj tshuaj.

5. Laminarity
Laminar khiav ntawm cov kev txhaj tshuaj yog tsuas yog ib lub tswv yim zoo, thiab feem ntau nws yog txiav txim los ntawm seb puas muaj cov kev siv hluav taws xob hauv kev hla los yog hla kev khaus. Cov nplaim hluav taws xob uas muaj lub zoo laminar khiav tau teem rau sab nraud magnetic teb, thiab lub defocus ntawm tus nqaj hlau electron los ntawm qhov chaw siab zog yog me. Ntawm qhov tsis sib thooj, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo yuav ua rau cov neeg pluag tsis txaus thiab qhov loj dua ntais.

Peb.Qhov qauv ntawm rab phom electron

Txawm hais tias hom kab hluav taws xob hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lawv tsim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob - cov cathode, cov qauv ntawm cov hlau thaiv txoj hlua hluav taws xob - qhov ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab cov tsom iav ntawm cov hlau lead - qhov anode peb qhov chaw. Tus qauv ntawm ib rab phom electron siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev sib txawv yuav txawv, tiam sis cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb nyob li qub. Hauv kev lag luam, lub peev xwm ntawm kev pom ntsej muag electrode feem ntau sib npaug los yog ze rau lub cathode peev xwm txo cov duab ntawm cov hlau nqaj hlau, thiab ib qho hluav taws xob accelerating (anode voltage) ntxiv ntawm cathode thiab anode. Thaum cov electron tawm ntawm lub cathode, nws yuav nkag nrog lub electrostatic teb uas tsim los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub electrode thiab tus nqaj hlau electron nws tus kheej los tsim ib txoj hlua hluav taws xob nrog ib hom khoom, uas yuav raug tawm ntawm qhov anode qhov siv. Hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm zoo li diode, yog li cov neeg hu xov tooj nws rab phom diode.

Hom phom feem ntau ntawm cov hlau nplaum yog qhov ob-electrode Pierce hom. Tus qauv no muaj nyob hauv daim duab 2.1-2. Nws yog tsuas yog tsim ntawm cathode, tig ncej thiab anode. Muaj ib qho kev qhib rau nruab nrab ntawm qhov anode los ntawm cov electrons raug txhaj rau hauv lub tsuj roj chamber. Pierce type electron gun, tseem hu ua axisymmetric spherical convergence injection Pierce electron rab phom, nws yog coj ob concentric kheej kheej ntawm qhov tsim muaj diode. Thiaj li yuav ua rau lub electron trajectory raws kev coj ntawm lub vojvoog ntawm cathode curvature, ntug ntawm lub thoob teb chaws electrode yuav tsum tau kho.

Plaub.Cuam cathode ntawm ib rab phom electron

Lub cathode yog ib qho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm rab phom electron. Tam sim no, lub cathode ntawm lub xuab zeb electron siv nyob rau hauv lub electron linear accelerator muaj ntau hom, uas yuav muab faib ua ob txoj kev:

Direct - cua sov cathodes feem ntau siv cov ntshiab tungsten li cov ntaub ntawv cathode. Cov cathodes interthermal feem ntau siv cov tshuaj taum, oxides, scandium ntsev thiab lanthanum hexaboride cathodes, uas tau muab faib ua ob hom: bombardment yam thiab cua sov hom.

1. Hom kev sib tw: Cov cua sov txoj kev yog ntxiv rau ntau pua pua los yog ntau txhiab volts mus rau txoj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab (therame) thiab cov cathode. Raws li qhov muaj qhov voltage, cov electrons tawm ntawm cov tshuaj bombarding lub cathode yuav tawm ntau ntau ntawm electrons los ntawm nws qhov chaw tom qab cathode yog rhuab mus rau ib qho kub.

2. Qhov cua sov: qhov cathode no, cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem yog tsau rau ntawm lub thin wall base (nickel tube los yog molybdenum tube), nyob hauv qab ntawm lub hauv paus yog muab tso rau cov hluav taws kub ntawm txoj hlua tungsten xaim. Qhov tam sim no ntws los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, uas ua rau lub cathode. Thaum lub cathode nce mus txog qhov kub ntawm qhov uas nws emits electrons, nws emits lawv.

Cov khoom ntawm cathode thiab nws cov kev ua haujlwm kub muaj ib qho kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub peev xwm thiab lub neej ntawm electron rab phom. Lub cathode yuav tsum yog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrog tsawg ua hauj lwm - tawm. Cov electrons ntawm lub atoms nyob rau ntawm lub cathode, zoo siab los ntawm ib tug npaum li cas ntawm cua sov los yog hluav taws xob lub zog, yuav dhia tawm ntawm bondage ntawm orbit thiab ua dawb electrons.

Lub xov tooj cathode ntawm cov hluav taws xob emission type electron gun yog ua nrog tungsten hlau feem ntau, yuav tsum tau tso siab rau hluav taws xob tam sim no kom kub filament mus rau 1000 degrees saum toj no, filament emission tam sim no ceev thiab lub ntsiab lus kub ntxhov thiab lub zog ntawm filament cov ntaub ntawv khiav kev txhawj xeeb.

Nqa cov pa taws ua kom sov siab ua piv txwv, nws txoj haujlwm khiav dim yog 4.55 electron volts, ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm 2500K, J = 0.5 ampere / cm ² .

Lub ntsiab lus kub ntxhov muaj kev ntxim ntxub ntawm cov pa roj carbon emissions. Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv cathode nrog tsawg dua kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm kev khiav dim, lub kub ntxhov siab yuav ua tau zoo heev nyob rau hauv qhov mob ntawm tau txais tib emission khov. Yuav kom rub lub cathode lub neej ntev li ntev tau, cov khoom yuav tsum muaj ntau dua melting point thiab me me evaporation tus nqi, thiab nws tsis yog yooj yim yuav tau raug lom los ntawm pa yaig. Lub xovtooj ntawm cov xovtooj ntawm tungsten yog 3655K, thaum kev kub ua haujlwm yog 2750K, tus nqi evaporation yog 0.0043 mg / cm • ob, tungsten xaim muaj ib qho kev sibcav corrosion. Kev tso tawm haujlwm ntawm oxide cathode yog qis dua, piv txwv, tso tawm haujlwm barium oxide tsuas yog 2.8 electron volts, tab sis nws txoj kev xeb ntawm corrosion yog pluag, feem ntau tsuas yog siv rau 10-5-10-6 MMHG hauv lub siab nqus, ntawm 10 -4 MMHG, nws lub hwj chim emissions tau qis me ntsis, ntawm 10-3 MMHG, txawm qaug tshuaj lom, tsis tuaj yeem siv.

Lub phom pa tawm yuav tsum tau muaj hluav taws xob muaj zog tshaj 106 volts / cm ze ntawm cathode nto, yog li kev txhim kho kev siv rau hauv cathode nto yog ib txoj hauv kev ua kom muaj zog zis.

Feem ntau hais lus, siv phom tua hluav taws tam sim no yog siab tshaj 1 millampere, pulse electron flow yuav ncav cuag ampere qib, thiab nws lub neej muaj ntau tshaj 100 teev.

Tsib haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv phom tua hluav taws

1. Ua hauj lwm txoj cai ntawm diode phom

Lub cev nqaij daim tawv tshwm sim nyob ze ntawm lub cathode ntawm rab phom electron zoo heev rau cov uas tshwm sim hauv ib qho hluav taws xob diode. Nws yog paub tias cov ndlwg tam sim no hauv ib qho diode yog pom tau hais tias lub zog ntawm electrons tawm hauv lub cathode. Yog hais tias muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm Ua yog ntxiv ntawm cathode thiab anode ntawm lub diode, cathode tau rhuab maj (Uf cua sov ntawm qhov ntsiab lus sau tau qis zog), thiab qhov sib thooj anode tam sim no Ia tau kaw tseg. Tus Ia / Uf piv nkhaus yuav tau txais. Hloov Ua tau lwm qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm Ia / Uf Thaum Uf tsis muaj, uas yog, thaum lub cathode kub tsis qis, tam sim no tus Ia tsub kom muaj qhov nce ntawm qhov cua sov qhov hluav taws xob.Thaum Uf ntau tshaj ib qho nqi, anode tam sim no Ia tsis nce nrog qhov nce ntawm filament cua kub voltage Uf. Peb paub tias nyob rau ntawm tej lub cathode kub, cov cathode muaj ib yam emission tam sim no, thiab ntau dua qhov cathode kub yog, qhov loj dua cov emission tam sim no yuav. Thaum lub cathode kub siab txaus, lub cathode kub tseem tuaj ntxiv (ntawm lub sij hawm no, lub emission tam sim no ntawm cov cathode yog tseem ua ntxiv) thaum lub anode tam sim no tshuav unchanged, uas qhia tau tias tam sim no tawm los ntawm cathode tsis ncav cuag lub anode kiag ntawm lub sijhawm no. Yog hais tias peb saib cov curves sib thooj sib txawv Ua, qhov teeb meem yog tib yam. Raws li qhov muaj qhov ua tau zoo Ua qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov anode thiab cathode ntawm lub diode, ib qho hluavtaws tawm ntawm cov hluavtaws yuav raug tsim ntawm qhov anode thiab cathode. Thaum lub cathode tsis rhuab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob tis yog ruaj khov. Thaum lub cathode tau rhuab, lub cathode pib xa tawm electrons, uas ya mus rau anode nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Ua.Due mus rau muaj qhov chaw them nyiaj, qhov peev xwm ntawm txhua tus taw tes nruab nrab ntawm anode thiab cathode yuav txo. Thaum lub cathode kub tsis siab dhau lawm thiab lub emission ntawm electrons tsis ntau dhau lawm, tseem muaj kev tsuj zaws ntawm qhov anode thiab cathode, thiab electrons tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov anode raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm daim teb no. Nrog nce ntawm electrons tawm ntawm lub cathode, qhov hloov ntawm gradient tej zaum nyob rau saum npoo ntawm anode thiab cathode yog txawv. Vim tias cov electrons ntawm cathode nto tsis tsuas yog attracted los ntawm cov anode accelerating fais teb, tab sis kuj repelled los ntawm pem hauv ntej chaw them nqi, lub zog ntawm electrons yog me dua li uas tsis muaj chaw them nqi, uas yog, lub gradient tej zaum yuav txo. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua attracted los ntawm lub chaw kawm anod acceleration, cov electrons ntawm lub anode nto kuj raug thawb los ntawm qhov chaw them nqi, ces qhov gradient tej zaum yuav nce. Yog hais tias qhov kub ntawm qhov cathode tseem nce, qhov ceev ntawm qhov chaw them nyiaj yuav nce ntxiv. Vim cov nyhuv ntawm qhov chaw them, qhov gradient tej zaum ntawm cathode nto yuav dauv mus rau xoom. Lub sij hawm no, hluav taws xob teb los ntawm qhov chaw them nqi ntawm cathode nto yog raws nraim sib npaug rau cov teb tsiv. Nws paub zoo tias cov electrons yuav tsum muaj ib qho pib tshaj tawm tawm kev khiav tawm hauv cathode. Txawm hais tias qhov cathode ntog tej zaum gradient tee rau xoom thiab tseem tuaj yeem ua rau lub qhov cathode, qhov chaw them ceev kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau. Lub sij hawm no, qhov cathode nto ntawm qhov gradient yuav tsis zoo. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov kev ua teb acceleration tau los ntawm qhov chaw them nqi ze ntawm lub cathode ntau dua qhov uas tau tsim los ntawm Ua ntawm lub anode voltage.

Cov pa roj carbon monoxide tawm ntawm cov cathode muaj cov pib velocities sib txawv. Tsuas yog cov electrons uas pib lub zog ntawm lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntau tshaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yuav muaj peev xwm kov yeej qhov tsis muaj hluav taws xob nyob ze ntawm cathode nto thiab hla qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, nkag mus rau cov teb accelerating thiab ya mus rau anode. Cov electrons, uas tsis tshua ua ntej lub zog hluav taws xob, rov qab mus rau lub cathode nrog qhov chaw them nqi. Ntawm equilibrium, tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons ib lub sij hawm txhua tus neeg khiav mus rau qhov anode thiab tus naj npawb ntawm electrons rov qab mus rau cathode sib npaug ntawm cov electrons tawm mus rau qhov chaw los ntawm cathode. Yog hais tias qhov cathode kub tseem nce ntxiv, cathode emission yuav nce thiab qhov chaw them ceev ntim kuj yuav nce, uas yog sib npaug los txhawb qhov tsis zoo fais fab thaj tsam ze ntawm qhov cathode. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons rov qab mus rau cathode los ntawm qhov tsis zoo yuav nce, thaum tus naj npawb ntawm electrons mus rau anode yuav nce me ntsis.

Thaum lub cua sov kub ntawm lub cathode yog tsawg, tag nrho cov electrons tawm ntawm lub cathode tau ncav cuag lub anode. Nyob rau lub sij hawm no, tam sim no lub anode nyob ntawm qhov emission qhov kub ntawm lub cathode, uas yog hu ua kev txwv kev kub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cathode cua kub kub muaj ib tug zoo cawv rau lub emission tam sim no. Thaum lub cua kub qhov teeb meem nce ntxiv, qhov chaw them nqi nyhuv plays lub luag hauj lwm loj, thiab qhov anode tam sim no tsuas yog los ntawm qhov chaw them nqi xwb. Cov xuab zeb electron ntawm tus tsuj roj yog ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw them nyiaj txwv.

2. Ua hauj lwm txoj cai ntawm Pierce ntaus hlau phom

Qhov kho qhov muag ntawm no hom ntawm electron phom tsuas yog cathode, anode thiab focusing ncej. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog nruab nrog lub rooj laj kab thaiv txoj kab. Lub peev xwm ntawm lub ntsej muag yog feem ntau sib npaug los yog ze rau qhov cathode tej zaum. Lub cathode thiab anode daim diode. Lub cathode yog rhuab thiab ci los ntawm lub rhaub (ntsiab lus). Lub rhaub yog powered los ntawm AC zog mov. Cov nqaj hlau electron yog tus tsav los ntawm tus ncej ntawm lub qhov taw qhia thiab thaum kawg nkag mus rau hauv txoj kev ua haujlwm los ntawm qhov anode qhov.

3. Cov qauv ua haujlwm phom-tshuaj ua haujlwm

Nrog kev txhim kho ntawm lub raj tshuaj, tus txheej txheem ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tsis tshua muaj peev xwm ua tau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg siv tshuaj kho mob tam sim no, raws li kev xav tau ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob, yuav tsum hloov qhov kev txhaj tshuaj tam sim no kom tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm xoo hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, lub anode voltage ntawm rab phom yuav raug txo mus rau 7-15kv, thiab kev txhaj tshuaj muaj peev xwm yuav ntau yam nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 200-1000ma. Lub zog txhaj tshuaj yuav raug txo kom tsawg dua tus nqi thaum lub sij hawm siv hluav taws xob tawm (lub nqaj khoob siv raws li tus kws kho mob siv hluav taws xob hauv xoo hluav taws xob thiab kho hluav taws xob sib txawv sib txawv heev tshaj 100 zaus). Kev daws ntawm kev siv lub tshuab tsis tshua muaj zog siv lub hauv paus rau kev siv rab phom-tshuaj. Tsawg-voltage phom tuaj yeem txo qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov hlau nplaws, txo cov hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov hluav taws xob porcelain, txo qhov ion rov cathode zog, qhov tseem ceeb dua, lub hwj huam mov, qhov hnyav thiab kev ua tau zoo heev. lub rooj vag phom, neeg feem ntau ntxiv kev tswj kav (rooj vag ncej) raws li kev tsim ntawm rab diav phom. Thaum twg ib qho me me tsis pom qhov muaj qhov tsis zoo (kev txiav tawm ntawm kev txiav tawm - Egc) siv lub cathode los ntawm kab sib chaws, cov cathode emission yog txiav tawm. Qhov no yog sib npaug rau kev siv dag zog hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm lub plhaub, thiab kev tswj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lub mem tes rov ntxiv xoom los yog qhov me me zoo rau lub cathode kom lub cathode emit electrons. Thaum kho qhov zoo, qhov kev tswj ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm electron yuav tsum ua tiav. Tus anode rau cathode voltage, Txawm li cas los, yeej ib txwm muab ntxiv rau lub ruaj khov dc siab voltage. Obviously, qhov amplitude stability ntawm dc zog mov voltage yog yooj yim dua li ntawm high voltage mem tes modulator.Nws kuj txo qhov siab ntawm lub hwj huam mov tsim. Cov neeg ntxiv tswj cov txee, feem ntau muaj peb hom, lawv cov qauv tau raug muab rau hauv thawj feem ntawm lawv txoj kev ua hauj lwm, tam sim no yog luv luv raws li nram no: thawj qhov qhov rooj vag phom: nws yog ib qho diode hauv qauv tsim ntawm rab phom yog teem rau tus ncej thiab cathode insulating, kev hloov kho tsim nyog yog tsim rau tus tsim ntawm tus ncej, tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cathode thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees (eog) sim qis dua cov ntaub ntawv, paub tias cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob. Kev pom zoo yog tias thaum P <0.5, phom="" compression="" me,=""> - Ego | / Va tuaj yeem muaj qis tshaj 25% ntawm rooj plaub, qhov kev paub ntawm lub qhov rooj qhib qhov rab phom. Qhov thib ob hom rab koob phom rab koob: nws muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cathode thiab cathode rwb thaiv tsev thiab ua rau lub cathode ntom ntawm ib lub me koob, lub koob raws li kev tswj ncej, nws cov hlais tawm ntawm qhov tawm, ua tau los sis me ntsis qis dua dua li theem ntawm daim phiaj siv phom.However, raws li rau rab koob rab yaj phom qhov rooj, nws lub cathode thiab lub qhov rooj iav muaj ntau txoj hauv cov qauv tsim, uas tsis tshua siv nyob rau Suav teb tam sim no. Txawm li cas los, Lavxias teb sab yog qhov paub ntau ntxiv rau hauv no, thiab lawv tuaj yeem them rau lub rooj vag qiv nrog ib txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob kom txo tau qhov rooj zais emission. Txawm li cas los, nws tseem yuav tsum tau pov thawj seb tej kev tswj no yog ua tau rau accelerators nrog muaj zog ion anti-detonation. Qhov thib peb hom ntawm daim phiaj phom, uas yog nyob rau ntawm daim ntawv diode ntawm cathode 1% mus rau 3% ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug teev ib daim phiaj, thaum lub kab sib chaws mus rau cathode thiab sib npaug rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm lub peev xwm, tsis hloov cov kab tho txawv txav tej zaum yuav raug faib. Kev txiav tawm ntawm lub qhov rooj tuaj yeem tsim tau tsawg heev. Qhov no yuav zoo rau lub lag luam ntawm cov qauv siv hluav taws xob.

IKS PVD, HCD + ARC vacumm txheej tshuab, phom tua hluav taws rau saum chamber, muaj lus nug, hu rau: iks.pvd@foxmail.com